alternanthera philoxeroides vs alternanthera sessilis

Effect on species diversity of plant communities caused by invasion of, Zhou Bing; Chen Jie; Ma ShengPing; Yin ShuaiWen; Wang Ning, 2016. The terrestrial form grows into a dense mat with a massive underground rhizomatous root system. Growth of aquatic alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) over 5 years in south-east Australia. Solche auffällig gefärbten Papageienblätter kommen hin und wieder in den Aquaristikhandel, sind aber im Unterschied zu A. reineckii nicht als submers wachsende Aquarienpflanzen geeignet. (2017) modelled the potential for further spread of invasive aquatic weeds following China’s South to North Water Diversion project, and predict that A. philoxeroides has high potential for northward range expansion in China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 54(11):1305-1311. http://www.insect.org.cn/EN/volumn/current.shtml. Paper presented at an international seminar, Taipei, Taiwan, 10-15 November 2008. Weed Research 50, 527â536. Plant Protection Quarterly, 14(2):77-78. Alternanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. Potential geographical distribution of alligator weed and its biological control by Agasicles hygrophila. Alien invasive species in Sri Lanka, Loris, 22(4):3-7. Accidental IntroductionA. Please don't eat mallung leaf lookalike. Zhu Z; Zhou C; Yang J, 2015. Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) reported control, but not eradication, of the weed in rice fields with herbicides including bentazone, bifenox, dicamba, fenoprop, pendimethalin, propanil and triclopyr, without causing serious damage to the crop; 2,4-D has only a temporary effect. Khanna KK, 2009. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. A. philoxeroides is one of the worst weeds in the world because it invades both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. and Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Indian Journal of Weed Science, 37(1/2):152. A risk assessment system for alien plant bio-invasion in Xiamen, China. Aquatic Invasions [Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species, San Diego, USA, 29 August-2 September 2010. Alternanthera philoxeroides was substantially more abundant in the southeastern U.S. four decades ago than it is now. EPPO, 2020. Clements et al. Dugdale et al. Plant Pathology, 54(4):585. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=ppa. Alligator weed: tasty vegetable in Australian backyards?. Non-target plant testing of the flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila, a biological control agent for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed) in China. Alternanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. An application of rural landscape information system for assessment of alien plant species in paddy landscape in Japan. 55, 584 pp. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 48:84-91. http://www.apms.org/japm/vol48/vol48p084.pdf, EPPO, 2014. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. rubra (achyranthes alternifolia), achat en ligne, paramètres de l'eau, volume aquarium, maintenance, nourriture, comportement, cohabitation, astuces, conseils, ... Très jolie plante aux feuilles International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production. 7-20. v + 141 pp. In early winter, emergent stems lose many leaves and become prostrate forming part of the mat that supports the next season's growth. lilacina Alternanthera sessilis : Sessile Joyweed Alternanthera tenella : Sanguinaria Alternanthera acaulis Alternanthera albida The State of Victoria has the highest number of backyard plots (more than 800) of alligator weed in Australia (Gunasekera and Adair, 1999). Members of the genus Ludwigia spp. In terrestrial situations, it degrades riverbanks, pastures, and agricultural lands producing massive underground lignified root systems penetrating up to 50-60 cm deep. In: Medd RW, Auld BA, ed. ], No.614:1-7. x + 185 pp. 1-7. The photosynthetic pathway varies in this genus: Some species undergo C3 carbon fixation, one clade of 17 species has acquired the C4 pathway, and yet other species have an intermediate C3-C4 pathway. Islam M M, Amin A S M R, Sarker S K, 2003. [4] Alternanthera plants are known to produce allelopathic compounds that injure other plants, including crops. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Alternanthera philoxeroides alligator weed This plant and the related entity italicized and indented above can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Prospects for the biological control of some major aquatic weeds in South East Asia. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2):321-326. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2. In 1963, over 65,000 ha of land in 8 southern states were overrun with invasive alligatorweed. Alternanthera philoxeroides exhibited a greater tolerance to herbivory than A. sessilis , via resource allocation to roots. A geographical atlas of world weeds. Coulson J R, 1977. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 548 pp. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. There are 3 to 5 stamens which are fused into a rim at the bases, and 5 pseudostaminodes, appendages between the stamens that are not true staminodes. The distribution and importance of arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture and forestry plantations in southern China. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Tan W Z; Li Q J; Qing L, 2002. Invasive Alien Species in South-Southeast Asia:66-69. http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/GISP/Resources/SEAsia-2.pdf. Thorpe J, 1999. A. philoxeroides is characterized by dark-green waxy leaves, lance-shaped, opposite, 12-14 x 1.5-2.5 cm. Griseb. Acta Agriculturae Shanghai. A review and evaluation. Ranjit JD; Suwanketnikom R, 2005. Alligator weed - MIA campaign. 19 (1), 1-4. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 87(3):469. Online Database. Journal of Plant Ecology, 9(3):311-319. http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/3/311.full, Wu TL, 2001. Aquatic plants of Australia, Melbourne. Parsons WT; Cuthbertson EG, 1992. This species also invades drains, streams, swamps and similar wet habitats (USDA-NRCS, 2016). As a congener of A. philoxeroides, A. sessilis is a native species to China, Vietnam and India. The flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila can cause considerable damage to the aquatic form of A. philoxeroides by eating the leaves and boring into the stem, where it pupates. It is a serious weed in eight of these and a major weed in the others. In: Technical Bulletin, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, [6 +] 98 pp. In New Zealand, it destroys most foliage of the weed annually. Stem and root fragments, which have the ability to float, are easily dispersed by floods and water currents. Alternanthera in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Alternanthera in the list of species of the flora of Brazil). Range extension of three exotic aquatic macrophytes in north India. This species has the potential to completely disrupt aquatic environments by blanketing the surface of the water impeding light penetration and gaseous exchange with adverse effects on flora and fauna (ISSG, 2016). Liao JianXiong; Tao Min; Jiang MingXi, 2014. Degradations of sexual characters for loss of sexuality commonly take place in clonal plants; such is the case of A. philoxeroides populations spreading mainly by vegetative (clonal) propagules (Zhu et al., 2015).Physiology and PhenologyA. Alternanthera sessilis [sessile joyweed (SJ)] is a staple leafy vegetable in Sri Lanka. [ed. When growing on land it also grows forming a dense mat of vegetation with a mass of creeping underground stems and is capable of out-competing all but the most robust plant species. Alternanthera philoxeroides and the native Alternanthera sessilis. Released to Public New York, Chichester (), Brisbane, Toronto, UK: John Wiley and Sons. DOI:10.1080/00288233.2011.599396, CABI, Undated. A. philoxeroides versus native plants or the defense mechanisms of A. philoxeroides and native plants against these generalists. reduced oxygen levels in the water). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It has been suggested that the populations of A. philoxeroides within and outside its native distribution range are composed of a complex of hybrids. Zhang Tao, Wang YingXing, Zhang ZhongYi, 2002. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080504/News/news0013.html, Julien MH; Broadbent JE, 1980. Li LiYing, Wang Ren, Waterhouse D F, 1997. OEPP/EPPO, 2016. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(3):1450-1457. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b05577, Liu YuFang; Su WenJie; Zeng QiangGuo; Li Fei; Peng MeiFang; Peng JiaXing; Liu WenHai; Wan FangHao, 2011. Downloaded on 19 October 2011 In: IUCN 2011. in irrigated rice. Annals of Plant Physiology, 19(1):1-4. Chromosome numbers of Shanghai plants I. Investigatio et Studium Naturae, 12:48-65. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. 39 (2), 165-173. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University. Pathogenicity and culture condition of different isolates of, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Griseb. A note on the collection of Alternanthera pheloxeroides (Mart.) The ability of A. philoxeroides to absorb heavy metals is a problem in countries such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Philippines where it is used as food (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1992). In New Zealand it is also noted to be harmful to native biodiversity and it is replacing most other herbaceous species on water and dry land. Bassett I; Paynter Q; Hankin R; Beggs JR, 2012. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 46(3):150-155, Julien MH; Broadbent JE; Harley KLS, 1979. Lou YuanLai; Shen JinLiang; Zhao YanCun, 2005. Garbari F, Pedullà M L, 2001. Estimates range between 80 and 200. Fish & Wildlife Service, June 2015 Revised, January 2018 Web Version, 8/21/2018 Photo: Robert H. Mohlenbrock. Senegal tea has serrated and wavy Yamamoto S; Kusumoto Y, 2008. Griseb. Bassett I E, Paynter Q, Beggs J R, 2011. Intentional IntroductionA. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. long. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 39:17-20. When growing in terrestrial conditions, this species can survive without any water for several months (Gunasekera and Adair, 2000).Environmental RequirementsA. Alternanthera sessilis. Invasion by alligator weed, http://www.hkflora.com/v2/flora/plant_check_list.php, Zhang Zhen; Xu Li; Zhu XiaoMin, 2010. Invasive species in China - An overview. â¦ Lu ZhengRong, Shen JianYing, Lu YiTong, 2005. Li and Ye (2006) suggest that Agiscles hygrophila has been successful in limiting growth of A. philoxeroides in water but not on land. The fruit is a utricle containing one seed. The plant does not always set viable seed under natural conditions; but reproduces vegetatively from axillary buds at each node (Julien and Broadbent, 1980).Activity PatternsA. [2] Argentina alone hosts around 27 species that fall within the range of the genus Alternanthera. Natural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)A. philoxeroides spreads by seeds and vegetatively by root and stem fragments. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=227, USDA-ARS, 2016. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, 375-385. However in the 2000s new populations were found on the Tarn River and in Sorgues (Provence) in 2013. Flowers perfect, bracts and bracteoles subequal, ovate, acuminate, 1-2 mm. Quantitative evaluation of the controlling effects of Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). Garbari F; Pedullà ML, 2001. Griseb. [2] Argentina alone, hosts around 27 species that fall within the range of the genus Alternanthera. In: Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. ACIAR Monograph No. It can be found growing along canals, rivers, swamps, lakes, dams, ditches, and wetlands, being rooted to the ground and emerging above the water surface. Yamamoto S, Kusumoto Y, 2008. Griseb. Als Garten-Zierpflanzen kennt man seit langer Zeit buntblättrige Sorten zum Beispiel von Alternanthera bettzickiana oder A. sessilis. The evolutionary history of an invasive species: alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides. Now it is considered one of the worst aquatic weeds invading southern states (USDA-NRCS, 2016). rubra), però la majoria són terrestres i tenen estolons. Additionally, A. sessilis is a stoloniferous clonal herb that primarily uses sexual seed reproduction. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 1 (1), 24-31. and its possible utility as a fodder in India. [4], Biological pest control agents now in use to reduce alligator weed infestations include the alligator weed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila), the alligator weed thrips (Amynothrips andersoni), and the alligator weed stem borer (Arcola malloi). 1 (2), 34-39. http://www.researchtrend.net. In southern states such as Florida and South Carolina it grows forming dense tangled mats that overtop native aquatic plants and out-compete them for sunlight. 37 (1/2), 152. philoxeroides is more resistant to herbicides than other aquatic macrophytes (Julien and Broadbent, 1980). Alternanthera in the list of species of the flora of Brazil. Lou YuanLai, Shen JinLiang, Zhao YanCun, 2005. Effect of herbicide mixtures in the control of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Sequential loss of genetic variation in flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following introduction into China. The interspecific competition between, http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/LKCNH%20Museum%20Books/LKCNHM%20Books/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf, Clements D; Dugdale TM; Butler KL; Hunt TD, 2014. (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) The water primroses (Ludwigia adscendens and Ludwigia peploides subsp. Aquatic weed problems in Puerto Rico. In India, A. philoxeroides is spreading across Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, Tripura, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Delhi and Punjab. [2], The genus Alternanthera contains both terrestrial and aquatic species. Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress., Vol. Plant Protection Quarterly, 27(2):70-82. http://www.weedinfo.com.au, Dugdale TM; Clements D; Hunt TD; Butler KL, 2010. Research in China has investigated the pathogenicity of fungal agents against A. philoxeroides, including Alternaria alternata (Zhou et al., 2016). Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In the USA, A. philoxeroides was probably introduced in contaminated ship ballast water, with the earliest herbarium specimen dating from South Carolina in 1885. Gunasekera L; Bonila J, 2001. Management of Biological Invasions, 5(4):327-339. http://www.reabic.net/journals/mbi/2014/4/MBI_2014_Clements_etal.pdf, Clements D; Dugdale TM; Hunt TD, 2011. ISSG, 2016. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10(8):1317-1341. We conducted a glasshouse experiment using both the invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis, to compare the effects of â¦ in irrigated rice. The community succession of rice field weeds in Shanghai area and factor analysis. A. philoxeroides is one of the worst weeds in the world because it invades both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Langeland KA; Cherry HM; McCormick CM; Craddock Burks KA, 2008. Griseb. Biological Invasions. In: PallewattaN, Reaser J, Gutierrez A, eds., Invasive Alien Species in South-Southeast Asia: National Reports & Directory of Resources. Gilbert RL; Auld BA; Hennecke BR, 2005. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Invasive Alien Plants of Indian Himalayan Region- Diversity and Implication. 21 (3), 852-858. Lavoura Arrozeira. philoxeroides infestations have been reported to reduce production of rice by 45%, wheat by 36%, maize 19%, sweet potato 63% and lettuce 47% (OEPP/EPPO, 2016). However, because seeds are generally not produced in areas outside its native distribution range, most reproduction is vegetative. The invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides was suppressed more intensively than its native congener by a native generalist: implications for the biotic resistance hypothesis PLoS One . Gangstad EO, 1977. The risk of introduction of A. philoxeroides is very high. from the foothills of Kumaun (Uttarakhand). Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). Non-target plant testing of the flea beetle, Ma RuiYan; Jia XiaoYun; Liu WenZhong; Laushman RH; Zhao LongLong; Jia Dong; Wang Ren, 2013. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 33:55-60. A. philoxeroides primarily affects floating aquatic plants and pastures but submerged and emerged aquatic plants are also affected. The stem borer Arcola malloi (formerly Vogtia malloi)) is a small moth that lays its eggs on the apical leaves. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx, USDA-NRCS, 2016. long, 10-18 mm. A. philoxeroides has also been found at several hundred sites in Victoria and is listed among the top 50 most invasive plant species in Queensland (Weeds of Australia, 2016). Kasetsart Journal, Natural Sciences, 39(2):165-173. The distribution and importance of arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture and forestry plantations in southern China. (Amaranthaceae), a new species for the exotic flora of Italy. philoxeroides reproduces both sexually and asexually within its native distribution range, but propagates primarily through vegetative means in its introduced range. Biocontrol of weeds: achievements to date and future outlook. Lal C, Sah M, 1990. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. 469:2 pp. Insect Science, 20(5):655-661. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1744-7917. A. philoxeroides grows as a weed in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and often grows at the interface between these two environments (OEPP/EPPO, 2016). Australia, 231-233. Aquatic plant management in Australia (not necessarily weed control!). Li LiYing; Wang Ren; Waterhouse DF, 1997. Das S K D, Singh N P, 2006. Alternanthera is a diverse genus (80–200 species) and the second largest in the subfamily Gomphrenoideae of Amaranthaceae. Nepal: sharing experiences from agricultural and forestry sectors. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) This weed is extremely difficult to control, is able to reproduce from plant fragments and grows in a wide range of climates and habitats, including terrestrial areas. Alternanthera philoxeroides is â¦ Griseb.] [4] (Efeitos de misturas de herbicidas no controle de Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. A. philoxeroides is a problem in 30 countries. http://www.europe-aliens.org/. Leaf and stem spot of Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed) in Australia caused by Nimbya sp. broad; stamens 5, united below into a tube, the pseudostaminodia lacerate and exceeding the anthers; ovary reniform, the style about twice as long as the globose capitate stigma. In New Zealand, it was first recorded in 1906 and now it can be found invading drains, streams, swamps and similar wet habitats across the country (Bassett et al., 2012; OEPP/EPPO, 2016). Lavoura Arrozeira, 38(358):12-15. Two new species of Ramularia. Thick mats of A. philoxeroides prevent access to and use of water, cause health problems by providing habitats for mosquitoes and degrade natural aesthetics. [3] Several species are notorious noxious weeds. Acta Oecologica, 59:46-51. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1146609X, Liu DaSheng; Wang Rui; Gordon DR; Sun XiHua; Chen Lu; Wang YanWen, 2017. Aston HI, 1973. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 30(1):198-200. A. philoxeroides is a perennial herb which grows as an emerged, aquatic plant, rooted in the soil or in the substrate below shallow water. Tests of specificity of A. hygrophila in China have confirmed that the beetle cannot complete its life cycle on plants other than A. philoxeroides and Alternanthera sessilis (Lu et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2013). Griseb. In: South East Asian Workshop on Aquatic Weeds, Malang, 76:5. [5][1][6], Many species have been reported as noxious weeds, including A. angustifolia, A. caracasana, A. denticulata, A. nana, A. nodiflora, A. paronychioides, A. philoxeroides, A. sessilis, A. tenella, and A. Distribution and damage of Alternanthera philoxeroides in agro-environment of Jiangsu Province. Invasion by alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, is associated with decreased species diversity across the latitudinal gradient in China. 21. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised):384 pp. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. A. philoxeroides is native to South America, principally the Parana River region (Julien et al., 1995), from Guyana to Brazil and northern Argentina (USDA-ARS, 2016). Noxious Weeds of Australia. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Bogor, Indonesia, BIOTROP Special Publication, 40:51-61. Waterhouse DF, 1993. In: Ecosystem services in New Zealand: conditions and trends [ed. Senna L, 2015. Julien MH; ed, 1992. Sankaran T; Ramaseshiah G, 1974. Bowmer KH, 1992. philoxeroides prefers to grow at temperatures around 30°C, and growth is suppressed at temperatures below 7°C. philoxeroides is a perennial, fast-growing, amphibious herb (ISSG, 2016.) Nombre Común: Alternanthera reineckii var. broad, the usually unbranched peduncles 1-5 cm. The plant usually roots in a solid substrate and spreads in a tangled mat over the water surface. In: IUCN 2011. . The Invasive Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides Was Suppressed More Intensively than Its Native Congener by a Native Generalist: Implications for the Biotic Resistance Hypothesis Maximum growth of A. philoxeroides occurs during the warmer summer months with growth initiating from parent stock, usually rooting in a solid substrate and spreading in a tangled mat over the water surface. Sushil Kumar, Kamlesh Vishwakarma, 2005. (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) In Australia, A. philoxeroides is already an important environmental weed invading New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. USDA-ARS, 2016. 2:95-98. Gangstad E O, 1977. Nova Odessa, Brazil: H. Lorenzi, 425 pp. Rotting vegetation degrades habitats for native aquatic fauna and flora. Guo L; Wang T, 2009. Stevens PF, 2012. Thayer and Pfingsten (2017) report that while biocontrol agents have been successful in managing A. philoxeroides in the USA, the effectiveness of A. andersoni is questionable as the insect is flightless and rarely seen on wild populations.Agasicles hygrophila, another biocontrol agent originally from Argentina, has been introduced into other countries. 87 (3), 469. (1995) much of Africa, Asia and southern Europe provide a suitable habitat for this weed.Liu et al. by Pallewatta N, Reaser J, Gutierrez A]. long, 0.5-2 cm. Since A. philoxeroides reproduces vegetatively, if any fragments move downstream they can develop into another colony ((DiTomaso and Kyser, 2013). It threatens the turf industry in the Sydney basin, Australia, and the vegetable industry in the Hawkesbury Nepean catchment. A. philoxeroides has a very similar appearance to other species native to South America in the same family (Amaranthaceae) named as mukunuwenna or sessile joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis). Biological control of alligatorweed, 1959-1972. Ma et al. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 36(2):216-222. http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/. Alligator weed: tasty vegetable in Australian backyards? Cabrera N; Sosa A; Dorado J, 2007. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Consequently, the chromosome number for A. philoxeroides differs among populations with reports varying from 2n=66 to 2n=100 (Xu et al., 1992; Sosa et al., 2008).Reproductive BiologyA. Genetics However, A. philoxeroides [alligator weed (AW)] often gets mixed up with SJ â¦ In the USA, it is established in Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina and Texas. Abstractâ Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera philoxeroides. Weber E, 2003. Biological Invasions, 10(8):1411-1429. http://www.springerlink.com/content/c25570xj6u44645h/?p=3d093fec46ab4097b45b287d6033e986&pi=21, Weeds of Australia, 2016. A. philoxeroides is considered to be one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. > 0°C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter, Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. A pyralid moth Herpetogramma basalis (Walker) Host Range of Herpetogramma basalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a Biological Control Agent for the Invasive Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Centrospermae: Amaranthaceae) in China philoxeroides grows as an emerged, aquatic plant, rooted in the soil or in the substrate below shallow water. From initial sites at Botany Bay and Newcastle harbour, it had, by 1979, spread to the Lower Hunter River Valley and to near Albury (Julien et al., 1979). Assessment of arsenic accumulation efficiency by selected naturally grown weeds. PQR database. Management of aquatic alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in an early stage of invasion. Cao et al. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Range extension of three exotic aquatic macrophytes in north India. Zeiger CF, 1967. The larvae bore into the stem and work their way down the stem, resulting in wilting and drooping of the plant (DiTomaso and Kyser, 2013). There is an extensive biocontrol programme in China. Shaheen R, Mitra N, Mahmud R, 2006. The aquatic form of the plant has the potential to become a serious threat to waterways, agricultural lands and the natural environment. Proceedings of the 8th biennial noxious weeds conference, Goulburn, NSW, Australia, 19-21 September 1995: volume 1., 87-89; [Agdex 640]. Response of weeds and yield of dry direct seeded rice to tillage and weed management. > 0°C, dry winters), Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC), Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC), number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall, Australia; China; Mississippi; New Zealand; Pacific Islands; Thailand; Florida; Arkansas; North Carolina, Mississippi; North Carolina; Florida; Arkansas, Australia; Mississippi; Florida; Arkansas; North Carolina, Used as aquarium plant and ornamental aquatic plant, Agricultural and excavation machinery, tyres. Perennial, fast-growing, amphibious herb ( ISSG, 2016 ) 20Books/LKCNHM % 20Books/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf, Clements,... Flora of Panama ( WFO ), Brisbane, Toronto, UK: CAB,... //Www.Aquaticinvasions.Net/2011/Ai_2011_6_1_Clements_Etal.Pdf DOI:10.3391/ai.2011.6.1.09 beetle Disonycha argentinensis ( Col., Chrysomelidae ): redescription, new and! 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